【推文】James Lindsay - There are four types of people generally under the sway of a totalitarian move..
連結
原推文 - x.com/conceptualjame...
原文及個人翻譯
There are four types of people, generally, under the sway of a totalitarian movement. Long post/🧵!
Totalitarianism is called totalitarianism because it creates a totalizing environment where everything in the environment must reflect, support, and amplify the cult belief structure of the movement. It's not just that it tells people what to do, it's that it must contour every aspect of their existence. The "total," then, in totalitarianism is the same "total" in the Calvinist doctrine of "Total Depravity," as in totally pervasive (no, I'm not saying Calvinism is a totalitarian system, slow down and read it again, homie, if your knee jerked).
In a totalitarian environment, which can include a totalitarian dictatorship like Mao's People's Republic of China or even movements possessed by a totalitarian ideology that hasn't taken power yet, there are strong social pressures that create roughly four kinds of people, all essential parts of the totalitarian regime. Obviously, when a movement has not yet secured full power, these features will only apply locally, within the movement, not universally throughout all of society. At any rate, these four personas are not just identifiable features of totalitarian movements and systems, but also their presences is diagnostic of totalitarianism in action or development.
一般來說，在極權運動的影響下，有四種類型的人。長文/🧵！
極權主義被稱為極權主義，是因為它創造了一個全面的環境，使環境中的每一件事都必須反映、支持和放大運動的邪教信仰結構。這不僅僅是告訴人們該做什麼，而是它必須塑造他們存在的每個方面。因此，極權主義中的「全面」與加爾文主義的「完全墮落」教義中的「全面」相同，即完全普遍（不，我不是說加爾文主義是一個極權系統，冷靜下來，再讀一次，朋友，如果你的第一反應是跳腳）。
在極權環境中，這可能包括像毛澤東的中華人民共和國這樣的極權獨裁，甚至是擁有極權意識形態但尚未奪權的運動，有強烈的社會壓力，創造了大約四種人，都是極權政權的重要組成部分。顯然，當一個運動尚未確保全面掌權時，這些特徵只會在運動內部局部適用，而不會普遍適用於整個社會。無論如何，這四種人格不僅是極權運動和系統的可識別特徵，而且它們的存在也是診斷極權主義正在行動或發展的標誌。
The four personas under totalitarianism are
1) Perpetrators: they're actively implementing and advancing the system
2) Sympathizers: they do not actively implement the system but cheer it on, support it, and defend it
3) Silenced: they do not implement or support the system but keep their mouths shut out of prudence in the tyrannical environment
4) Dissenters: they do not implement or support the system but they also do not keep their mouths shut about it and speak out or take action against it
在極權主義下，四種人格類型是：
施虐者：他們積極實施和推進該系統。
同情者：他們不積極實施該系統，但為之歡呼、支持和捍衛。
被噤聲者：他們不實施或支持該系統，但在暴政環境中出於謹慎保持沉默。
異議者：他們不實施或支持該系統，但也不對其保持沉默，而是會發聲或採取行動反對它。
These four personas are not just reliable consequences of the totalitarian circumstance (making their presence diagnostic of it), they are also all integral ingredients of it. Even though the totalitarian vision is that everyone become perpetrators, that's not realistic and has never anywhere been achieved in practice (maybe AI social credit can change that!). Thus, we see all four.
Only a relative few in a totalitarian system become perpetrators, but they can gather many sympathizers, up to a substantial portion of the population. Nevertheless, the bulk will simply be silenced through a combination of significant censorship and heavy self-censorship under the conditions of the system.
這四種人格不僅是極權環境的可靠結果（使它們的存在成為診斷極權主義的標誌），而且也是極權主義的必要組成部分。儘管極權主義的願景是讓每個人都成為施虐者，但這不現實，在實踐中從未實現過（也許人工智能社會信用系統可以改變這一點！）。因此，我們會看到所有四種人。
在極權系統中，只有相對少數人成為施虐者，但他們可以吸引大量同情者，甚至佔據人口的大多數。然而，在極權主義的條件下，大多數人將被嚴格的審查和嚴重的自審查噤聲。
As the near failure of Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign teaches us, most of the population needs to be kept silent about their disagreements with the cult and also about the brutal facts of their existence within it. In 1957, Mao launched the Hundred Flowers Campaign and offered and even encouraged free speech and criticism of the government in the People's Republic, and reluctantly people started doing it. After a few months, very many people were doing it. After four months total, the situation had gotten so out of hand that the CCP grip on power was breaking down everywhere, and rapidly. The CCP probably came closest to losing power completely in this moment, out of all of its history back to taking power in 1949 up through today. The point is that the masses of people have to stay silent, mostly through self-censorship, to keep a totalitarian system going.
The best way to keep the masses silent is by brutally punishing anyone who dissents, making dissenters an integral part of the totalitarian dynamic. Because the entire population will not be transformed into sympathizers and perpetrators, even under demands for cosplaying active support for the regime, they need a method of keeping the masses silent, mostly in self-censorship. That method is brutal pain that's always directed at "enemies" and sometimes totally arbitrary.
從毛澤東的百花齊放運動的近乎失敗中，我們可以學到，大多數人需要被噤聲，不能談論他們對邪教的不滿，以及他們在其中存在的殘酷事實。1957年，毛澤東發動了百花齊放運動，提供並鼓勵人們自由發言和批評政府，人們不情願地開始了。幾個月的時間裡，越來越多的人加入進來。四個多月後，情況已經失控，中國共產黨在各地的權力正在迅速瓦解。在中國共產黨的歷史上，這可能是他們最接近完全失去權力的一刻，從1949年奪取政權到今天。重點是，為了讓極權制度持續下去，大多數人必須保持沉默，主要是通過自我審查。
讓大眾保持沉默的最佳方法是殘酷地懲罰任何異議人士，使異議者成為極權動態的重要組成部分。由於整個人口不可能轉變為同情者和施虐者，即使在要求他們假裝積極支持政權的情況下，他們需要一種方法來讓大眾保持沉默，主要是通過自我審查。這種方法就是對「敵人」始終施加殘酷的痛苦，有時甚至是完全隨機的。
The Maoist circumstance is instructive again on both of these points. First, Mao launched the Hundred Flowers Campaign for two reasons. One is that he was forced to "liberalize" Chinese socialism after Khrushchev confessed the sins of Stalin, as did all Communist countries at the time so they could stay viable on the world stage by distancing themselves from Stalinism. Second, he believed he had sufficiently brainwashed the Chinese population to support socialism that offering them free speech wasn't just a safe bet for him but would actually advance their progress in it. He was completely wrong about that. Most Chinese, given the chance to speak up, especially after the recent disaster of the Socialist High Tide project, were not at all happy with the conditions of socialism or the CCP that was forcing it on them.
Mao answered the failure of the Hundred Flowers Campaign with his most brutal and severe purge ever: the Anti-Rightist Campaign. He backtracked on his original wording, literally revising it, and claimed that the purpose of the Hundred Flowers Campaign was always to smoke out the snakes and enemies so they could be purged. Many who spoke up were declared enemies and punished severely. Quotas for state murders, imprisonments, and internment in labor camps were imposed on every region of China and enthusiastically met or exceeded. In places where they couldn't find enough perpetrators to meet or exceed the quotas, they just took people randomly and accused them of "Rightism" and got rid of them.
毛澤東的經歷在這兩個方面都具有啟發性。首先，毛澤東發動百花齊放運動有兩個原因。一個是，在赫魯曉夫承認斯大林的罪過後，所有共產主義國家都被迫「自由化」他們的社會主義，以在國際舞台上保持可行性，並與斯大林主義保持距離。第二，毛澤東認為，他已經成功地對中國人口進行了足夠的洗腦，讓他們支持社會主義，因此給予他們自由發言不僅對他來說是安全的賭注，還會推動他們在社會主義進程中的進步。他完全錯了。大多數中國人，在有機會發聲時，尤其是最近社會主義高潮項目的災難之後，對社會主義的條件或強迫他們接受社會主義的中國共產黨並不滿意。
毛澤東對百花齊放運動的失敗做出了最殘酷和嚴厲的回應：反右運動。他回頭修改了原來的說法，字面意義上地修訂了它，並聲稱百花齊放運動的初衷一直是將蛇和敵人趕出來，以便進行清洗。許多發聲的人被宣佈為敵人並受到嚴厲懲罰。對每個中國地區都強加了國家殺人、監禁和勞改營的配額，並熱情地滿足或超額完成。在無法找到足夠施虐者來滿足或超額完成配額的地方，他們隨機抓人，指控他們「右傾」，並擺脫他們。
As you would expect, and as with all other such activities and purges against "dissidents," the effect was overwhelmingly chilling. The masses were reminded to keep their mouths completely shut and even to enthusiastically pretend to support the regime, which many of them at that point hated. This is the role dissidents play in totalitarian systems for the totalitarians. They're the "monsters and demons" that will publicly pay heavy prices for daring to speak out, which will silence the masses and push them toward real or play-acted sympathy and participation.
This is the real function of "cancel culture" and why it's a symptom of totalitarianism. We're familiar with it from the Woke Left here in America and other English-speaking countries. We're becoming familiar with it from the Woke Right here in America, at least. Cancel culture teaches the masses to shut the f--k up and let the tyrants do what they intend to do.
正如你所預期的，與其他所有針對「異議人士」的活動和清洗一樣，效果是令人震驚的。群眾被提醒保持完全沉默，甚至熱情地假裝支持政權，而許多人此時此刻已經對此恨之入骨。在極權制度中，異議人士扮演了這樣的角色。他們是「怪物和惡魔」，公開為敢於發聲而付出沉重代價，這將使群眾保持沉默，並推動他們走向真正的或假裝的同情和參與。
這就是「取消文化」的真正功能，也是它為什麼是極權主義的症狀。我們在美國和其他英語國家對來自「覺醒左派」的取消文化很熟悉。至少在美國，我們也開始對來自「覺醒右派」的取消文化有所了解。取消文化教導群眾保持沉默，讓暴君們做他們打算做的事情。
