读书碎片 | 到2030年,我们每周只需要工作15个小时
书籍:The Refusal of Work
作者:David Frayne
章节:第1章:A provocation读书碎片 #010
以下内容来自阅读中的随手记录,思想在这里被暂时放下。
科技的进步、AI的飞速发展,让我们的工作时间减少了吗?
经济学家约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯曾在20世纪30年代乐观地预测:随着生产技术的进步,社会将解决物质匮乏的“经济问题”,到2030年,人们每周可能只需要工作15个小时。
然而,这个美好的预言之所以彻底落空,正是因为他忽略了资本主义运作的核心逻辑。
Frayne借用安德烈·高兹(André Gorz)的“时间政治”(Politics of time)概念,以及对大规模失业和“狗屁工作(bullshit job)”的分析,深刻揭示了这一预言破产的原因。
高兹指出,资本主义的发展确实带来了生产力的巨大飞跃,但这仅仅意味着“生产必需品所需的时间减少了”,它并不能自动将这些节省下来的时间转化为全人类的解放。
谁来决定时间的用途?高兹认为,面对生产力提升带来的“时间红利”,社会面临着一个根本性的选择:我们是用这些时间来丰富工作之外的生活、发展自我,还是让经济理性驱使我们花同样多的时间和精力去工作?。这本应是一个由人民掌握的民主讨论,即“时间政治”。
然而在现实中,如何处理节省下来的工作时间根本没有经过认真的政治辩论。在资本主义体系下,决定权被牢牢掌握在私人利润和经济增长的必然要求手中。对于资本主义而言,公民如果不把自由时间用来生产或消费商业财富,这些时间就是毫无用处的。
由于缺乏“时间政治”的干预,被释放的生产力非但没有带来闲暇,反而被资本主义导向了两个极其扭曲的结果:
扭曲结果一:大规模失业与极度的劳动力分配不均
在资本主义制度下,生产力提升(即用更少的人生产出同样多的必需品)最直接的结果就是创造了失业。
现代资本主义展现出一种极其变态的局面:位于社会顶层的高级员工被超长的工作时间所折磨,而越来越多的人却因为其劳动力无法再为资本家创造私人利润而遭受痛苦。这些普通人要么完全失业,要么沦为低薪、缺乏保障的底层工人。
哲学家汉娜·阿伦特(Hannah Arendt)犀利地指出,我们被困在了一个由“没有劳动的劳动者”组成的社会里。在这个社会中,最紧迫的问题甚至不再是剥削,而是人们缺乏被稳定、可靠地剥削的机会。
因为社会依然死死抱住“工作是获取收入、权利和归属感的唯一途径”这一教条,原本应该成为普遍幸福源泉的“必然闲暇”(由于生产力提高而空出的时间),反而变成了四处蔓延的苦难和耻辱。
扭曲结果二:无意义的“狗屁工作”与疯狂的“跑步机”逻辑
为了掩盖失业问题并维持经济运转,资本主义对“时间红利”采取了另一种掠夺方式:将节省下来的时间重新吸收进经济系统,用来创造更多的工作。
早在20世纪20年代,商业领袖们就意识到效率提升会带来过多空闲时间,但他们将其视为经济失败和市场饱和的症状。为了避免人们闲下来,企业界大力推行“消费福音”(gospel of consumption),说服人们购买以前根本不需要的商品,用增加消费来替代缩短工时。
为了维持就业水平,经济必须像在跑步机上一样永无止境地扩张。系统不断制造非生产性的、破坏环境的额外工作,并将商业活动深入推向人们的私密生活。
作者引用了大卫·格雷伯(David Graeber)的观点指出,劳动力市场中巨大的比例被投入到了功能有限、寿命短暂的消费品的生产和营销中。同时,诸如企业法务、公关、人力资源、学术和健康行政等部门经历了前所未有的膨胀。
更有讽刺意味的是,服务业中产生了成千上万的工作(如洗狗员、家庭清洁工、24小时外卖员),这些工作之所以存在,仅仅是因为掏钱买服务的工人们忙于工作而无暇顾及自己的生活。
面对这种荒谬的现状,高兹和本书作者呼吁,必须通过集体的政治干预来终结它。
高兹主张在全社会范围内推行缩短工作时间的政策。这不是为了经济理性,而是为了社会正义。
解决失业的最佳方式是更公平地分配可用的工作量。其核心理念是:“每个人都应该少工作,以便每个人都能工作,从而让所有人都能从增加的自由时间中获益”。
将经济领域置于人民的实际需求之下,让每个人都能少花点时间在苦役上,多花点时间在自己选择的活动上(如政治参与、文化创造、互助合作以及自主发展)。
简而言之,凯恩斯的预言落空,是因为他低估了资本主义为了维持利润和运转,宁愿制造无穷无尽的“垃圾工作”和“失业焦虑”,也不愿让全人类共享闲暇的本质。这就要求我们必须从政治层面觉醒,主动夺回时间的定义权。
In his essay on the ‘Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren’, first published in the 1930s, Keynes predicted that advances in production technology might reduce work time and allow the population as a whole to work less – as little as fifteen hours per week by the year 2030. Keynes discussed this in terms of the ‘economic problem’ (of scarcity, there not being enough goods to go around) having finally been ‘solved’ by society.
在他首次发表于20世纪30年代的《我们后代的经济前景》一文中,凯恩斯预测生产技术的进步可能会减少工作时间,并允许全体人口减少工作——到2030年每周仅需工作15小时 。凯恩斯认为这代表社会最终解决了经济问题(即稀缺性,没有足够的商品分配) 。
-----------------------
A politics of time is necessary because the development of the productive forces may, of itself, reduce the amount of labour that is necessary but it cannot, of itself, create the conditions which will make this liberation of time a liberation for all. However, in Gorz’s view, one of the most pressing questions faced by capitalist societies now, at the pinnacle of their productive capacities, is the question of what should be done with the time being saved by these gains in productivity. What meaning and content will we, as a society, choose to give this new-found free-time?. Will we use it to enhance our lives outside work, nourish our relationships and pursue our own self-development, or will economic rationality dictate that we spend just as much time and energy on work as we did before?. Gorz’s call for a politics of time reflected a belief that these questions should be placed in the hands of the people.
时间政治是必要的,因为生产力的发展本身或许可以减少必要的劳动量,但它本身无法创造出使这种时间的解放成为全人类解放的条件 。然而,在高兹看来,资本主义社会如今在生产力达到顶峰时面临的最紧迫的问题之一是:应该如何处理这些因生产力提高而节省下来的时间 。作为一个社会,我们将选择赋予这种新获得的自由时间什么样的意义和内容? 。我们会用它来改善工作之外的生活、滋养我们的人际关系并追求自我发展,还是会让经济理性驱使我们像以前一样把同样多的时间和精力花在工作上? 。高兹对时间政治的呼吁反映了一种信念,即这些问题应该交由人民来决定 。
-----------------------
In reality, what to do with savings in work time is not subject to a serious political debate, as Gorz hoped it would be, but instead is dictated in advance by the economic imperatives of profit and growth. Free-time in which citizens are neither producing nor consuming commercial wealth is useless to capitalism.
在现实中,如何处理节省下来的工作时间并没有像高兹希望的那样经过严肃的政治辩论,而是被利润和增长的必然经济要求提前决定了 。公民既不生产也不消费商业财富的空闲时间对资本主义来说是毫无用处的 。
-----------------------
In a capitalist system, one of the most obvious outcomes of savings in work time is the creation of unemployment. The leaps in productive efficiency witnessed in advanced industrial societies mean that fewer and fewer people are required to produce society’s necessary goods from one year to the next. What we are confronted with in contemporary capitalism is a perverse situation in which the highest-ranking workers are plagued by long hours, whilst growing numbers of the people suffer because their labour power is no longer useful for the generation of private profit. These latter people are either without work entirely, or functioning as a reserve army of low-paid, insecure workers.
在资本主义体系中,节省工作时间最明显的结果之一就是创造了失业 。在发达工业社会中见证的生产效率飞跃意味着,年复一年,生产社会必需品所需的人越来越少 。我们在当代资本主义中面临的是一种极其变态的局面:最高级别的工人被超长的工作时间所折磨,而越来越多的人却因为他们的劳动力无法再为创造私人利润而遭受痛苦 。后一部分人要么完全没有工作,要么沦为低薪、缺乏保障的后备劳军 。
-----------------------
As Hannah Arendt put it: we are trapped in a society of labourers without labour in which, perversely, the most pressing problem for most people is no longer exploitation, but the absence of opportunities to be sufficiently and dependably exploited. By maintaining – even in the face of mass unemployment – that work should represent a source of income, rights and belonging, society ensures that unavoidable leisure shall cause misery all round instead of being a universal source of happiness.
正如汉娜·阿伦特所说:我们被困在了一个没有劳动的劳动者组成的社会里,在这个社会中,反常的是,对大多数人来说最紧迫的问题不再是剥削,而是缺乏被充分且可靠地剥削的机会 。通过坚持——即使在面临大规模失业的情况下——工作应当代表收入、权利和归属感的来源,社会确保了必然的闲暇将在各处引发苦难,而不是成为普遍幸福的源泉 。
-----------------------
From the perspective of business leaders, excessive free-time was symptomatic of economic failure, of the inability to find markets for new products and the increasing burden of surpluses. Businessmen became increasingly convinced that Americans could be persuaded to buy things produced by industry that they had never needed before. Anders Hayden refers to this as the warped logic of the treadmill: the need for never- ending economic expansion simply to maintain employment levels. Hayden’s reference to a treadmill reveals the second destination of savings in work time, i.e., their reabsorption into the economy via the creation of more work. For want of being able to make free-time produce private profit, capitalism has historically reacted by snatching back the time saved by productivity gains to create additional forms of work that are often unproductive, environmentally destructive, and push the realm of commercial activities more deeply into intimate life.
从商业领袖的角度来看,过多的空闲时间是经济失败、无法为新产品找到市场以及日益沉重的过剩负担的症状 。商人们越来越相信,可以说服美国人去购买工业生产出的、他们以前从未需要过的东西 。安德斯·海登将其称为跑步机扭曲的逻辑:仅仅为了维持就业水平而需要永无止境的经济扩张 。海登对跑步机的引用揭示了节省下来的工作时间的第二个去向,即通过创造更多的工作,将其重新吸收进经济 。由于无法让自由时间产生私人利润,资本主义在历史上的反应一直是掠夺由于生产力提升而节省下来的时间,用来创造额外的、通常是非生产性的、破坏环境的工作形式,并将商业活动的领域更深地推向私密生活 。
-----------------------
Huge proportions of the labour market are devoted to the production, marketing and distribution of consumer goods with superficial differences, limited functions, and short life spans. In his polemic against the rise of bullshit jobs, David Graeber also points to the unprecedented expansion of sectors such as corporate law, academic and health administration, human resources, and public relations. On top of this, we can consider the huge numbers of people whose role is to provide administrative, technical or security support for these industries, as well those thousands of jobs in the service industries – from dog-washers to home cleaners and 24-hour pizza deliverymen – which only exist because the workers who pay for them are so hellishly busy working.
劳动力市场中巨大的比例被投入到了表面差异微小、功能有限、寿命短暂的消费品的生产、营销和分配中 。在针对狗屁工作崛起的论战中,大卫·格雷伯也指出了诸如企业法务、学术和健康行政、人力资源以及公共关系等部门前所未有的膨胀 。除此之外,我们还可以想想那些为这些行业提供行政、技术或安全支持的庞大人群,以及服务业中成千上万的工作——从洗狗员到家庭清洁工和24小时披萨外卖员——这些工作之所以存在,仅仅是因为掏钱买服务的工人们忙于工作而无暇顾及 。
-----------------------
One of the functions of a politics of time is precisely to share out savings in working time following the principles not of economic rationality but of justice. One of the goals of a policy of shorter working hours would be to remedy the maldistribution of work by sharing the available work more equitably among the population. Everyone should work less so that everyone may work, and so that all may benefit from an increase in free-time. He hoped to contribute to a political intervention that would finally subordinate the economic sphere to the felt needs of the people, allowing everybody to spend less of their time toiling, and more of their time on activities of their own choosing.
时间政治的功能之一,恰恰是遵循正义原则而非经济理性原则来分享节省下来的工作时间 。缩短工作时间政策的目标之一,将是通过在人口中更公平地分配可用工作量,来纠正工作分配不均的现象 。每个人都应该少工作,以便每个人都能工作,从而让所有人都能从增加的自由时间中获益 。他希望能促成一种政治干预,最终将经济领域置于人民的切身需求之下,让每个人都能少花点时间在苦役上,多花点时间在自己选择的活动上 。
-----------------------
It seems that predictions for a reduction of work, from Keynes and others, had drastically overlooked the extent to which the agents of capitalism would force us to accept the dividend of growing productivity not in the form of more leisure time, but in the form of more consumption.
看来,凯恩斯等人的工作减少预测大大低估了这样一个程度,即资本主义的代理人会强迫我们接受生产力增长的红利,不是以更多闲暇时间的形式,而是以更多消费的形式 。
