读书碎片 | 为什么企业里的中层管理越来越多?
书籍:Bullshit Jobs
作者:David Graeber
章节:第5章:Why Are Bullshit Jobs Proliferating?读书碎片 #012
以下内容来自阅读中的随手记录,思想在这里被暂时放下。
如果资本主义真的追求效率最大化,那么中层管理早就应该消失了。
可现实恰恰相反。管理层级越来越多,行政岗位越来越庞大,真正生产的人反而被压缩。
这是因为资本主义已经不再靠生产来分配利润,而是靠权力来分配。
当利润来自“制造东西”,企业会压缩层级、减少冗员;当利润来自“瓜分资源”,企业就必须制造层级,让更多人参与分赃。中层管理的膨胀不是效率失灵,而是权力逻辑的必然结果。
Graeber把这种现象称为“管理封建主义(Managerial Feudalism)”。
传统经济学认为,资本主义是一个追求效率最大化的系统,不可能花钱养闲人。但Graeber指出,我们现在所处的经济体系早已不是经典的资本主义,而是变异成了一种类似中世纪封建制度的模式——即“管理封建主义”。
经典资本主义:资本家通过雇佣工人制造、修理或维护物品来赚取利润。在这个系统里,为了利润最大化,资本家确实会尽可能减少不必要的员工,以降低成本。
管理封建主义:现代大型企业(尤其是金融化之后的企业)越来越少依赖实际的生产,而是越来越依赖于通过政治手段、债务、收费和垄断来“提取租金”和重新分配财富。比如美国最大的银行摩根大通,其绝大部分利润来源于“费用和罚款”,而不是投资实体商业。当经济变成了一个瓜分战利品的过程时,它就和中世纪的封建领主收租没有本质区别了。
在中世纪,一个封建领主榨取了农民的财富后,会用这些财富养一大批随从、骑士、侍女和弄臣。这不仅是为了排场和彰显自己的伟大,也是为了分配政治恩惠、收买人心。
在现代企业中,高管们扮演着同样的角色。他们将公司攫取来的巨额利润,用于雇佣庞大的行政人员、助理、顾问和公关团队。这些岗位在经济上毫无意义,但在政治上却构成了高管们的“扈从”,成为他们权力和地位的象征。
虽然都叫“封建主义”,但现代版本有一个比中世纪更恶劣的地方。
中世纪的工匠是有自主权的。那时的鞋匠、铁匠都有自己的行会,他们自己决定如何生产、如何培训学徒,领主只负责收税,基本不干涉他们如何干活。
而现代工人的自主权则被剥夺了。在“管理封建主义”下,所谓的“效率”变成了赋予管理者和“效率专家”越来越大的权力,而真正干活的生产者几乎没有任何自主权。
Graeber举了法国一家被联合利华收购的茶厂的例子。工人们自己改进了机器,使生产率提高了50%。但公司并没有给工人涨薪,也没有扩大生产,而是雇佣了一大批穿着西装、到处闲逛、记笔记的白领管理人员。最后,这些管理者为了证明自己的存在价值,居然决定关掉这家高效的工厂,解雇所有工人,把生产线搬到了波兰。这就是管理封建主义的逻辑:效率的提升不惠及工人,而是被用来养活更多毫无意义的管理阶层。
中世纪的封建制是层层分封的,国王分封给公爵,公爵分封给伯爵,伯爵再分给男爵。
现代职场完美复刻了这种结构。在一个基于分配资源而非生产资源的系统里,必然会涌现出多达三层、十层甚至十二层的等级制度。
Graeber提到,以前的电影制片厂结构很简单(制片人、导演、编剧);而现在,一个剧本要想通过,必须经过“国际内容执行总监”、“开发部执行副总裁”、“电视创意执行副总裁”等无数个连电影都不懂的高管层层审批。每个人都要提出一点无关痛痒的修改意见,仅仅是为了证明自己的岗位有存在的理由。
“管理封建主义”解释了为什么资本主义一边高喊着“优化”和“降本增效”,一边却疯狂制造废话连篇的文职岗位。因为我们早已不在一个纯粹由市场效率驱动的经济体中,而是身处一个依靠行政权力和官僚等级来瓜分社会财富的政治系统中。在这个系统里,臃肿的官僚机构不仅不是一个“错误”,反而是维持统治阶级权力与威望的核心机制。
拓展阅读:David Graeber的其他作品书评
Under capitalism, in the classic sense of the term, profits derive from the management of production: capitalists hire people to make or build or fix or maintain things, and they cannot take home a profit unless their total overhead—including the money they pay their workers and contractors—comes out less than the value of the income they receive from their clients or customers. Under classic capitalist conditions of this sort it does indeed make no sense to hire unnecessary workers. If all of this very much resembles the inner workings of a large corporation, I would suggest that this is no coincidence: such corporations are less and less about making, building, fixing, or maintaining things and more and more about political processes of appropriating, distributing, and allocating money and resources. JPMorgan Chase & Co., for example, the largest bank in America, reported in 2006 that roughly two-thirds of its profits were derived from fees and penalties...
在经典意义上的资本主义中,利润来源于对生产的管理:资本家雇佣人们去制造、建造、修理或维护物品,除非他们的总开销——包括支付给工人和承包商的钱——低于他们从客户或顾客那里获得的收入价值,否则他们无法获得利润。 在这种经典的资本主义条件下,雇佣不必要的工人确实毫无意义。 如果所有这一切都非常像大型公司的内部运作,我想说这并非巧合:这样的公司越来越少地涉及制造、建设、修理或维护事物,而越来越多地涉及挪用、分配和调拨金钱与资源的政治过程。 例如,美国最大的银行摩根大通在2006年报告称,其大约三分之二的利润来源于费用和罚款……
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As with the PPI distributors, the whole point is to grab a pot of loot, either by stealing it from one’s enemies or extracting it from commoners by means of fees, tolls, rents, and levies, and then redistributing it. In the process, one creates an entourage of followers that is both the visible measure of one’s pomp and magnificence, and at the same time, a means of distributing political favor...
就像支付保障保险(PPI)的分配者一样,整个重点在于攫取一笔战利品,途径要么是从敌人那里偷窃,要么是通过费用、通行费、地租和征税从平民那里提取,然后再将其重新分配。 在这个过程中,人们创造了一群随从,这既是其排场和宏伟程度的可见标志,同时也是分配政治恩惠的手段……
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Medieval feudalism was based on a principle of self-governance in the domain of production. Anyone whose work was based on some kind of specialized knowledge, whether lace makers, wheelwrights, merchants, legal scholars, was expected to collectively regulate their own affairs... at the very least, a medieval sword smith or soap maker could go about his work in the confidence that he would never have anyone who was not himself a sword smith or a soap maker telling him he was not going about it correctly. Efficiency has come to mean vesting more and more power to managers, supervisors, and other presumed efficiency experts, so that actual producers have almost zero autonomy.
中世纪的封建主义建立在生产领域的自治原则之上。 任何工作基于某种专业知识的人,无论是蕾丝制造者、车轮制造者、商人还是法学学者,都被期望集体管理自己的事务……至少,一个中世纪的剑匠或肥皂制造商可以满怀信心地去工作,因为绝不会有一个自己不是剑匠或肥皂制造商的人来告诉他做的不对。 效率已经变成了赋予管理者、主管和其他所谓的效率专家越来越多的权力,以至于真正的生产者几乎没有任何自主权。
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If one wants a parable for what seems to have happened to capitalism over the last forty-odd years, perhaps the best example I know is the Elephant Tea factory outside Marseille, France... the company was bought up by Unilever... The workers, however, were in the habit of tinkering with the machinery, and by the nineties, they had introduced a series of improvements that sped up production by more than 50 percent, thus markedly increasing profits. Did they give any of that money to us? our guide asked. No. Did they use it to hire more workers, or new machinery, to expand operations? No. They didn’t do that, either. So what did they do? They started hiring more and more white-collar workers. ... Now suddenly there were three, four, five, seven guys in suits wandering around. ... Then finally, one of them hit on a solution: Why don’t we just shut down the whole plant, fire the workers, and move operations to Poland?
如果想找一个寓言来描述过去四十多年来资本主义似乎发生的变化,我所知道的最好的例子可能就是法国马赛郊外的大象茶厂……该公司被联合利华收购……然而,工人们有摆弄机器的习惯,到了九十年代,他们引入了一系列改进,使生产率提高了50%以上,从而显著增加了利润。 他们把那些钱分给我们了吗?我们的导游问道。没有。他们用它来雇佣更多的工人,或者购买新机器来扩大业务了吗?没有。他们也没有那么做。那么他们做了什么?他们开始雇佣越来越多的白领员工。……现在突然有三个、四个、五个、七个穿西装的家伙在到处转悠。……最后,其中一个人想出了一个解决办法:我们为什么不直接关掉整个工厂,解雇工人,然后把业务转移到波兰呢?
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Another classic feature of medieval feudalism is the creation of hierarchies of ranked nobles or officials: a European king might grant land to a baron in exchange for providing a certain number of knights to his army; the baron, in turn, would grant most of that land to some local vassal on the same basis, and so on. Such devolution would proceed, through a process of sub-infeudation, down to local lords of the manor. As a general principle, I would propose the following: in any political-economic system based on appropriation and distribution of goods, rather than on actually making, moving, or maintaining them... that portion of the population will tend to organize itself into an elaborately ranked hierarchy of multiple tiers (at least three, and sometimes ten, twelve, or even more).
中世纪封建主义的另一个典型特征是创造了有等级的贵族或官员的等级制度:欧洲的国王可能会把土地赐给男爵,以换取他为军队提供一定数量的骑士;反过来,男爵也会在同样的基础上把大部分土地赐给当地的附庸,以此类推。 这种权力下放会通过次级分封的过程,一直延续到当地的庄园主。 作为一个普遍原则,我想提出以下观点:在任何基于货物的挪用和分配,而不是实际制造、移动或维护它们的政治经济系统中……那部分人口将倾向于把自己组织成一个精心排列的多层等级制度(至少三层,有时是十层、十二层甚至更多)。
In the Golden Age of Hollywood, from the 1920s to the 1950s, studios were vertical operations. ... Instead of armies of executives, they would actually hire armies of writers for their story department. The system that eventually emerged was suffused with bullshit on every level. The process of development... now ensures that each script has to pass through not just one but usually a half dozen clone-like executives with titles such as... Managing Director of International Content and Talent, Executive Managing Director, Executive Vice President for Development, and, my favorite, Executive Creative Vice President for Television. A lot of this process is just them justifying their jobs. Everybody in the room will have a different opinion just for the sake of having a reason to be there.
在好莱坞的黄金时代,从20世纪20年代到50年代,制片厂是垂直运作的。……他们实际上会为故事部门雇佣成群的作家,而不是成群的高管。 最终出现的系统在各个层面上都充满了狗屁。 现在的开发过程……确保每个剧本不仅要经过一个,而是通常要经过六个克隆人般的高管,他们的头衔诸如……国际内容与人才执行董事、执行董事总经理、开发部执行副总裁,以及我最喜欢的,电视创意执行副总裁。 这个过程很大程度上只是他们为了证明自己工作的合理性。房间里的每个人都会有不同的意见,仅仅是为了证明自己有理由待在那里。
