读书碎片 | 不要去“适应”压迫与不公

书籍：The Feminist Killjoy Handbook
作者：Sara Ahmed
章节：第3章：The feminist killjoy as cultural critic

读书碎片 #011
以下内容来自阅读中的随手记录，思想在这里被暂时放下。

点击阅读本书书评：春节回家，做个女权主义扫兴鬼 

Ahmed提出了一个行动指南：“要变得不适应；不要适应不公！”（Be maladjusted; don’t adjust to injustice!）。如果我们适应了压迫，我们就会感到“快乐”，而这种快乐是危险的。

Ahmed引用了西蒙娜·德·波伏娃（Simone de Beauvoir）对家庭主妇的分析。波伏娃指出，女性为了适应被限制在家庭中的处境，必须学会“享受”家务劳动。

所谓的“适应”，就是在一个限制你的环境中找到一种舒适感。当你完全适应了这种安排，你甚至感觉不到这些限制是限制，因为你已经在这些限制中找到了“快乐”。

这种通过适应而获得的快乐是非常危险的，因为它掩盖了不公。

如果一个被压迫的人感到快乐，压迫者就可以说：“看，她们很幸福，这种制度没有问题。”

快乐变成了一种让人们接受其“命运”的工具，维持了社会秩序。

因此，Ahmed号召我们要主动变得“不适应（maladjusted）”。

这意味着当社会告诉你“你应该对这种生活感到满意”时，你要拒绝这种满意。

当你拒绝适应那些为了让你“快乐”而设定的限制时，你就成为了一个扫兴鬼。因为你拒绝了那种被社会认可的、顺从的快乐。

“不适应”意味着保持一种痛感，保持一种对限制的知觉。只有当你不再觉得舒适时，你才能看清那个限制你的笼子。

不要为了让自己好受一点，就去爱上那个囚禁你的牢笼。 如果你对不公感到适应了、习惯了、甚至快乐了，那么改变就不可能发生。保持“不适应”，保持那种格格不入的痛苦感，这正是反抗的动力所在。

Simone de Beauvoir wrote in 1949, ‘We cannot really know what the word happinessmeans, and still less what authentic values it covers, there is no way to measure the happiness of others, and it was always easy to call a situation that one would like to impose on others happy.’ ... Beauvoir explores how a woman might adjust to her situation by learning to enjoy housework: ‘The little girl readily enjoys shining the silver, polishing doorknobs.’ In other words, the girl, in becoming a woman, also a wife, learns to love homemaking: ‘It is through housework that the wife comes to make her nesther own.’ For her to consent to the restriction of her horizon, housework ‘must spark some joy or pleasure somewhere.’

西蒙娜·德·波伏娃在1949年写道：我们无法真正知道‘幸福’这个词意味着什么，更不知道它涵盖了哪些真正的价值，没有办法衡量他人的幸福，而且人们总是很容易把那种想要强加给他人的处境称为幸福。……波伏娃探讨了女性如何通过学会享受家务劳动来适应她的处境：小女孩很容易享受擦亮银器、擦亮门把手。换句话说，这个女孩在成为女人、也成为妻子的过程中，学会了热爱持家：正是通过家务劳动，妻子才把她的‘巢’变成了自己的。为了让她同意对自己视野的限制，家务劳动必须在某处激发出一些快乐或愉悦。

To adjust to a situation is to find happiness in it. When we are adjusted to the limits imposed by an existing arrangement, those limits are no longer even perceived as limits.

适应一种处境就是在其中找到快乐。当我们适应了现有安排所强加的限制时，那些限制甚至不再被感知为限制。

Happiness was assumed to enable acceptance of one’s ‘lot in life’ and to be necessary to the maintenance of social order. ... If happiness is assumed to be a good thing, but it is hard to say what happiness is, or to measure it, then happiness can be how a situation is imposed by making it seem good.

幸福被认为能够让人接受自己命中注定的生活，并且对于维持社会秩序是必要的。……如果幸福被认为是一件好事，但很难说清幸福是什么或如何衡量它，那么幸福就可能成为一种通过让某种处境看起来很美好从而将其强加于人的方式。

We become feminist killjoys when we refuse to adjust ourselves to a situation that has been imposed on us. KILLJOY MAXIM: BE MALADJUSTED; DON’T ADJUST TO INJUSTICE!

当我们拒绝让自己适应那种强加于我们的处境时，我们就成为了女性主义扫兴鬼。 扫兴鬼格言：要变得不适应；不要适应不公！

We become feminist killjoys by not accepting a situation we have been told is necessary for our happiness. This means that even asking why happiness is expected is sufficient to become a feminist killjoy.

我们通过不接受那种被告知对我们的幸福至关重要的处境，从而成为了女性主义扫兴鬼。这意味着，甚至仅仅是询问为什么我们被期望要感到幸福，就足以成为一个女性主义扫兴鬼。

The last stanza of her poem ‘The Phenomenology of Anger’ reads: Every act of becoming conscious / (it says here in this book) / is an unnatural act. To become conscious is an action with revolutionary implications, implying that not being conscious of something is how we learned to put up with it.To become conscious of what was previously habitual can thus mean to become alienated from your own history. ... Sometimes we become conscious of a possibility when it is no longer possible. KILLJOY TRUTH: TO BECOME CONSCIOUS OF POSSIBILITY CAN INVOLVE MOURNING FOR ITS LOSS.

（Ahmed 引用 Adrienne Rich 的诗句）她那首诗《愤怒的现象学》的最后一节写道：每一个变得清醒的行动 /（这本书里这么说）/ 都是一种不自然的行动。变得清醒是一种具有革命性意义的行动，这意味着对他物没有意识（不清醒）正是我们要学会忍受它的方式。 意识到以前习以为常的事情，可能意味着你会对自己的历史感到疏离。……有时，当某种可能性不再可能时，我们才意识到这种可能性。 扫兴鬼真理：意识到可能性可能包含着为其丧失而哀悼。

You become a feminist killjoy when you get in the way of the happiness of others, or when you just get in the way, ruining that dinner, also the atmosphere. You become a feminist killjoy when you are not willing to go along with something, to get along with someone, sitting there quietly, taking it all in. You become a feminist killjoy when you react, speak back, to those with authority, using words like sexism because that is what you hear.

当你阻碍了他人的快乐，或者仅仅是挡了道，毁了那顿晚餐以及气氛时，你就成为了一个女性主义扫兴鬼。当你不再愿意为了与某人相处融洽而顺从某事，不再静静地坐在那里全盘接受时，你就成为了一个女性主义扫兴鬼。当你对那些当权者做出反应、进行回击，并使用性别歧视”这样的词，因为这正是你所听到的内容时，你就成为了一个女性主义扫兴鬼。

KILLJOY TRUTH: TO EXPOSE A PROBLEM IS TO POSE A PROBLEM. ... If you expose a problem, you pose a problem; if you pose a problem, you become the problem. The management of a problem becomes the management of a person. In other words, one way of dealing with a problem is to stop people from talking about it or to make the people who talk about it go away. If people stop talking about a problem, or the people who talk about it go away, it can then be assumed that the problem has gone away.

扫兴鬼真理：揭露问题就是制造问题。……如果你揭露了一个问题，你就制造了一个问题；如果你制造了一个问题，你就成为了那个问题。对问题的管理变成了对人的管理。换句话说，处理问题的一种方式是阻止人们谈论它，或者让谈论它的人消失。如果人们停止谈论某个问题，或者谈论它的人离开了，那么就可以假定这个问题已经消失了。

The feminist killjoy begins her political life as a stereotype of feminists, a negative judgment, a way of dismissing feminism as causing and caused by misery.A 1972 article in the New York Times describes a group of cheerleaders by evoking the feminist killjoy as who they are not: ‘At Madison Square Garden yesterday, it didn’t take long to see that the rah-rah world of cheer leading had no room in the squad for Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer and Other Women’s Lib Killjoys.’According to the band of bony-fingered killjoys, this is a form of sexual harassment on par with groping and flashing.Behind the perception that ‘the unhappy women are all feminists’ are two competing claims: first, that unhappiness leads women to become feminists because they can’t get what they want, perhaps a husband or baby; second, that feminism makes women unhappy.

女性主义扫兴鬼的政治生涯始于一种对女性主义者的刻板印象，一种负面评判，一种通过将女性主义视为导致痛苦或由痛苦引起从而将其驳回的方式。 1972年《纽约时报》的一篇文章在描述一群啦啦队队员时，通过强调她们不是女性主义扫兴鬼来反衬她们：昨天在麦迪逊广场花园，人们很快就发现，啦啦队那欢呼雀跃的世界里没有格洛丽亚·斯泰纳姆、杰曼·格里尔和其他女性解放运动扫兴鬼的位置。根据这群手指骨瘦如柴的扫兴鬼的说法，这是一种与猥亵和暴露同等的性骚扰。在不快乐的女人都是女性主义者”这一认知的背后，有两个相互竞争的主张：第一，不快乐导致女性成为女性主义者，因为她们得不到她们想要的东西，也许是丈夫或孩子；第二，女性主义让女性变得不快乐。

It might be tempting to try to appear happy and positive in order to counter the myth of feminist misery, to make feminism less frightening, more appealing. It might be tempting to try to rescue feminism from the feminist killjoy, to create picture books of shiny, happy feminists. ... I have a different strategy. My aim is not to rescue us from the feminist killjoy but to give her a voice. ... In reclaiming the feminist killjoy for ourselves, we turn the judgment into a project, because if feminism causes misery, that is what we might need to cause.

为了反驳女性主义很悲惨的神话，让女性主义不那么可怕、更具吸引力，试图表现得快乐和积极可能很有诱惑力。试图从女性主义扫兴鬼手中拯救女性主义，创造出光鲜亮丽、快乐的女性主义者的图画书，也可能很有诱惑力。……但我有不同的策略。我的目标不是把我们从女性主义扫兴鬼那里拯救出来，而是赋予她声音。……在为我们自己认领女性主义扫兴鬼的过程中，我们将这种评判转化为一个项目，因为如果女性主义会导致痛苦，那这可能正是我们需要制造的。

KILLJOY COMMITMENT: I AM WILLING TO CAUSE UNHAPPINESS. ... We are not intending to cause unhappiness; we are willing to cause unhappiness. A distinction can be obscured by a judgment. We don’t talk about sexism or racism because we want to make people unhappy; we are willing to talk about sexism or racism even when it makes people unhappy.

扫兴鬼承诺：我愿意制造不快乐。……我们并非有意制造不快乐；我们是愿意制造不快乐。这种区别可能会被评判所掩盖。我们谈论性别歧视或种族主义，并不是因为我们想让人们不快乐；我们愿意谈论性别歧视或种族主义，即使这会让人们感到不快乐。

Do you refuse to laugh at jokes you find offensive? ... Do you merely have to open your mouth in meetings for eyes to start rolling? ... If you answered yes to any or all of these questions, you too might be a feminist killjoy. ... The feminist killjoy is a history. The feminist killjoy has a history. A history can be a handle. It can help to know that where we are, others have been.

你会拒绝嘲笑那些让你觉得冒犯的笑话吗？……是不是你在会议上一开口就会有人翻白眼？……如果你对这些问题中的任何一个或全部回答是”，那么你也可能是一个女性主义扫兴鬼。……女性主义扫兴鬼就是一段历史。女性主义扫兴鬼拥有一段历史。历史可以成为一个把手（支点）。知道我们所处的位置曾有他人驻足，这会有所帮助。