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Introduction Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂) is a bioactive calcium phosphate mineral extensively studied for its structural similarity to human enamel and bone. This unique characteristic makes HAp a versatile material, not only in toothpaste and food additives but also in biomedical engineering, drug delivery systems, and composite materials. Recent advances in nanostructuring, ion doping, and surface functionalization have expanded its applications across multiple research fields, highlighting its importance as a multifunctional biomaterial. Material Properties Relevant to Multiple Applications The functional performance of hydroxyapatite is closely related to its crystallinity, particle size, morphology, and surface chemistry. Nanostructured HAp provides higher surface area and enhanced bioactivity compared to microcrystalline forms. Ion substitution with elements such as magnesium, zinc, strontium, or fluoride can modulate mechanical strength, bioactivity, antimicrobial properties, and solubility. These tunable properties make HAp suitable…

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