Transnational Repression: References

Abramowitz, M. J., & Schenkkan, N. (2021). Out of sight, not out of reach: The global scale and scope of transnational repression. Freedom House.
freedomhouse.org/rep...

Adamson, F. B., & Tsourapas, G. (2020). The migration–security nexus: A framework for analysis. International Studies Review, 22(4), 853–877.
doi.org/10.1093/isr/...

Aljizawi, B., Marczak, B., Scott-Railton, J., et al. (2024). No escape: The weaponization of gender for the purposes of digital transnational repression. Citizen Lab, Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy, University of Toronto.
citizenlab.ca/2024/0...

Amnesty International. (2018). China: Where are they? Time for answers about mass detentions in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
www.amnesty.org

Amnesty International. (2021). Like we were enemies in a war: China’s mass internment, torture, and persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang.
www.amnesty.org

Brady, A.-M. (2017). Magic weapons: China’s political influence activities under Xi Jinping. Wilson Center.
www.wilsoncenter.org...

Citizen Lab. (2024). Digital transnational repression.
citizenlab.ca/tag/tr...

Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. (2022). Transnational repression as a growing threat to human rights and the rule of law (PACE Resolution 2431).
pace.coe.int

Freedom House. (2021). Out of sight, not out of reach.
freedomhouse.org

Freedom House. (2023). A light that cannot be extinguished: Exiled journalism and transnational repression.
freedomhouse.org

Graphika & Stanford Internet Observatory. (2021). Spamouflage: Pro-China influence campaigns on social media.
graphika.com

Heathershaw, J., & Cooley, A. (2017). Dictators without borders: Power and money in Central Asia. Yale University Press.

Hirt, N., & Saleh, A. (2021). “By way of patriotism, coercion, and control”: Eritrea’s transnational authoritarian practices. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 15(2), 263–281.
doi.org/10.1080/1753...

Human Rights Watch. (2024). Nicaragua: Mass denationalization and repression beyond borders.
www.hrw.org

Khan, I. (2023). Gendered disinformation: A threat to freedom of expression. Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression (A/78/288). United Nations.
www.ohchr.org

Kingsley, P. (2017, April 2). Turkey’s spies in Europe? The New York Times.
www.nytimes.com

Marczak, B., Scott-Railton, J., McKune, S., et al. (2015). Hacking Team’s spy tools used against Ethiopian journalists in the US. Citizen Lab.
citizenlab.ca

Media Freedom Coalition. (2023). Statement on transnational repression of journalists.
mediafreedomcoalitio...

Michaelsen, M., & Anstis, S. (2025). Digital authoritarianism beyond borders. Journal of Democracy, 36(1), 45–59.

Needham, K. (2025, December). Hong Kong exiles targeted abroad with sexualized disinformation. Reuters.
www.reuters.com

Roberts Lyer, M., & Roche, C. (2025). Foreign interference and transnational repression: Legal responses in democratic states. Council on Foreign Relations.
www.cfr.org

Schenkkan, N., & Linzer, I. (2021). Out of sight, not out of reach. Freedom House.

Schenkkan, N., & Repucci, S. (2023). A light that cannot be extinguished. Freedom House.

Secure Free Society. (2022). Venezuela’s cyber proxies and information warfare.
www.securefreesociet...

Tsourapas, G. (2021). Global authoritarianism and the internationalization of repression. International Studies Quarterly, 65(3), 616–627.
doi.org/10.1093/isq/...

United Nations Human Rights Council. (2022). Resolution establishing the Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua.
www.ohchr.org

United Nations Group of Human Rights Experts on Nicaragua (GHREN). (2025). Report on human rights violations and transnational repression.
www.ohchr.org

Weiss, T. G. (2021). Abusing Interpol: How authoritarian states weaponize international policing. Global Governance, 27(3), 343–360.