读书碎片 | 社会不平等正在制造大规模的抑郁
书籍:Lost Connections
作者:Johann Hari
章节:第10章:Cause Five: Disconnection from Status and Respect读书碎片 #040
以下内容来自阅读中的随手记录,思想在这里被暂时放下。
拓展阅读:吃抗抑郁药的第十年,我决定去买一头奶牛
很多人在讨论幸福感和抑郁症时,都喜欢举一个看似很有说服力的例子。
他们会说:看看一些贫穷国家,人们收入不高、物质条件有限,却活得很快乐,抑郁症也不普遍;再看看一些富裕国家,经济高度发达,心理问题和抑郁症却越来越严重。于是得出一个结论:财富和幸福没有太大关系。
这种充满浪漫主义色彩的“安贫乐道”叙事听起来很治愈,但仔细想想,它可能跳过了一些更根本的问题。
先不说“贫穷国家抑郁症更少”这个前提本身是否成立——事实上,已经有大量研究表明,贫困会显著降低幸福感,并增加抑郁的风险。
我们不妨换一个角度:那些很穷但幸福感很高的地方,会不会恰恰是因为虽然物质不充裕,但人与人之间的差距并不悬殊?而那些富裕却抑郁泛滥的社会,痛苦的根源或许不只是“有钱”本身,而是富裕底下巨大的不平等?
在目前主流的关于抑郁症的讨论中,我们热衷于谈论基因缺陷、大脑化学物质失衡、原生家庭创伤,甚至是抗压能力不足。然而,有一个极其关键的维度却极少被提及,甚至仿佛被社会慕强文化刻意忽视了——那就是社会不平等与抑郁症之间的深刻关联。
在《Lost Connections》一书中,作者Johann Hari正是撕开了这个长期被掩盖的盲区。
他通过对灵长类动物的跨物种研究以及对人类社会不平等的宏观数据分析,提出了一个引人深思的观点:抑郁症在某种程度上,是我们在面对无法跨越的阶级鸿沟和持续的地位焦虑时,做出的一种本能的“屈服反应”。
Hari注意到一个现象:当人们描述抑郁时,通常会说感觉自己很“低落”(down),或者感觉像被物理性地“压垮”了,抑郁的人往往会低着头、身体佝偻。心理学家保罗·吉尔伯特(Paul Gilbert)提出,人类的抑郁症在部分层面上是一种“屈服反应”(submission response)。
为了理解这种反应的进化根源,作者引入了一位传奇生物学家——罗伯特·萨波斯基(Robert Sapolsky)的故事。
萨波斯基在纽约度过了孤独的童年,并在那里经历了第一次抑郁症的发作。为了寻找抑郁症的线索,他前往肯尼亚的非洲大草原,花了20年时间研究人类的近亲——狒狒。
狒狒生活在等级森严的社会中,每个成员都清楚自己在金字塔中的位置。
顶端的阿尔法雄性拥有绝对的特权,可以随意抢夺别人的食物,霸占最凉爽的树荫,并享有大多数的交配权。
底端的弱者处于等级的最底层,总是瑟瑟发抖,食物随时被抢走,经常莫名其妙地被其他狒狒殴打出气,身上布满咬痕。
萨波斯基每天用麻醉镖射中这些狒狒,提取它们的血液,测量其中的压力荷尔蒙(皮质醇)水平,结果揭示了一个残酷的真相。
除了在争夺首领地位的短暂战争期外,绝大多数时候,在等级制度中地位越低的狒狒,压力水平就越高;而处于最底层的狒狒,几乎一直处于极度的高压状态。
为了避免被殴打,底层的狒狒会强迫性地做出“屈服姿态”:它们会低下头,在地上爬行,向强者释放信号:“别打我,我认输了,我对你没有威胁。”
当一只狒狒表现出这种屈服状态时,它看起来和患有抑郁症的人类惊人地相似——低垂着头,不愿动弹,食欲不振,精力全无。
萨波斯基的发现证明,我们的灵长类近亲在地位受到威胁或地位低下时压力最大;而后来科学家发现,人类抑郁症患者体内涌动的,正是与底层狒狒完全相同的压力荷尔蒙。
如果抑郁是对地位低下的本能反应,那么现代社会可以说是一个巨大的抑郁症制造机。企业高管的收入是基层员工的数百倍,但员工连排班和工作节奏都无法决定。在同一个城市里,有人担心交不起下个月的房租,也有人拥有数十套空置的房产。
萨波斯基发现,比地位低下更让人痛苦的,是地位的不安全感。今天,即使是中产阶级甚至富人,也时刻生活在可能失去现有地位的恐惧中。
人类和狒狒的区别在于,狒狒的等级制度是固定的,而人类却可以选择不同的社会组织形式。有些国家极度不平等(如美国),而有些国家则非常平等(如挪威),大多数人都处于中间状态。
社会科学家理查德·威尔金森(Richard Wilkinson)和凯特·皮克特(Kate Pickett)对大量数据进行了分析,得出了一个震撼的结论。
社会越不平等,各种形式的精神疾病(包括抑郁症)的患病率就越高。这在不同国家之间,甚至在美国的不同州之间,都是成立的。
在贫富差距巨大的社会中,并不是只有底层人受苦。因为差距太大,每个人都必须时刻关注自己的地位:“我保住我的位置了吗?”“谁在威胁我?”“我会跌得多惨?”这种无休止的地位比较,将巨大的压力注入了所有人的生活中。
威尔金森指出,当地位差距过大时,会产生一种“你无法逃避的失败感”。
在如今这个时代,我们面临着人类历史上最大的地位鸿沟:以前,老板的收入是普通员工的20倍,现在则是300倍;沃尔玛家族6个继承人的财富,超过了美国底层1亿人的总和;全球8个超级富豪拥有的财富,超过了人类底层一半人口的总和。
我们感到的痛苦并非大脑中孤立的化学故障,而是我们对当今社会结构的一种“共同的人类反应”。
我们可以选择寻找切实可行的方法来拆除这些剥削性的等级制度,创造一个更加平等的空间,让每个人都能感受到尊重和地位。如果我们不这样做,而是继续加剧不平等和羞辱,那么抑郁症将淹没我们的社会。
We often say, for example, that we feel down. It sounds like a metaphor—but I don’t think it quite is. When I feel depressed, I feel as if I have been almost physically pushed down. I want to keep my head down, my body slumped and low. The psychologist Paul Gilbert started to make the case that depression is, for humans, in part a submission response...
例如,我们经常说自己感觉低落。 这听起来像个比喻——但我认为不完全是。 当我感到抑郁时,我觉得自己好像几乎在物理上被压垮了。 我想低着头,身体瘫软下垂。 心理学家保罗·吉尔伯特开始提出,对人类而言,抑郁在某种程度上是一种屈服反应……
---------------------------
One afternoon in the late 1960s, in the Museum of Natural History in New York City, an eleven-year-old Jewish boy named Robert Sapolsky was staring into a glass cage at a vast stuffed silverback gorilla. Just over a decade later, Robert made it. He was standing alone on those savannas, trying to figure out how to act like a baboon. Back in New York, Robert had the first of his depressions, and he suspected that a key to understanding depression might lie out here, with our cousins.
20世纪60年代末的一个下午,在纽约市的自然历史博物馆里,一个名叫罗伯特·萨波斯基的11岁犹太男孩正盯着玻璃笼子里一只巨大的银背大猩猩标本。 十多年后,罗伯特如愿以偿。 他独自站在那些大草原上,试图弄清楚如何像狒狒一样行动。 回到纽约后,罗伯特经历了人生中第一次抑郁症发作,他怀疑理解抑郁症的关键可能就在这里,在我们的灵长类表亲身上。
He saw that Solomon, at the top, could do whatever he wanted. If he saw anyone else in the troop chewing something, he could snatch it from their hands and take it for himself. He could have sex with any female he wanted... When it was hot, he could just shove anyone who was sitting in the shade out of the way and claim the cool places for himself. There, in this troop, Robert saw a scrawny, feeble creature who he named Job... Job would tremble a lot of the time and have what looked like seizures. His food was snatched, he was shoved into the heat, and he was beaten up a lot. Like all low-status baboons, he was covered with bite marks.
他看到处于顶端的所罗门可以为所欲为。 如果它看到群里有其他人在嚼东西,它可以直接从他们手里抢过来自己吃。 它可以和任何它想要的雌性交配…… 天热的时候,它可以直接把坐在阴凉处的人推开,把凉快的地方占为己有。 在那里,在这个群体中,罗伯特看到了一只骨瘦如柴、虚弱不堪的动物,他给它起名叫约伯…… 约伯很多时候都在发抖,并且会出现类似癫痫发作的症状。 它的食物被抢走,它被推到炎热的地方,还经常挨揍。 像所有地位低下的狒狒一样,它身上布满了咬痕。
It was his job to go out and fire a tranquilizer at one of the baboons so he could take a blood sample. This blood sample would then be tested for several key factors—and one was how much of the stress hormone cortisol they were carrying. It turned out—when his blood samples were tested—that when there is a war on for the position of alpha male, the most stressed baboons are the ones at the top. But the vast majority of the time, the lower you are in the hierarchy, the more stressed you are; and the baboons at the very bottom of the pile, like Job, are stressed constantly.
他的工作是出去向其中一只狒狒发射麻醉镖,以便提取血液样本。 然后对这些血液样本进行几个关键指标的测试——其中之一是它们体内携带了多少压力荷尔蒙皮质醇。 结果证明——当测试他的血液样本时——当阿尔法雄性地位爆发争夺战时,压力最大的狒狒是处于顶端的那些。 但在绝大多数时间里,你在等级制度中的地位越低,你的压力就越大;而处于底层最深处的狒狒,比如约伯,则一直处于压力之中。
To avoid getting savaged, the baboons with the lowest status would have to compulsively show that they knew they were defeated. They would do this by making what are called subordinance gestures—they lowered their heads, crawled on their bellies. It was how they signaled: Stop attacking me. I’m beaten. I’m no threat to you. I give up.
为了避免被猛烈攻击,地位最低的狒狒不得不强迫性地表现出它们知道自己被打败了。 它们会通过做出所谓的屈服姿势来做到这一点——它们低下头,肚子贴地爬行。 这就是它们发出信号的方式:别再攻击我了。 我输了。 我对你没有威胁。 我放弃。
And here’s the striking thing. When a baboon is behaving this way—when nobody around him shows him any respect, and he’s been pushed to the bottom of the pile—he looks an awful lot like a depressed human being. He keeps his head down and his body low; he doesn’t want to move; he loses his appetite; he loses all his energy; when somebody comes near him, he backs away.
这里有一件引人注目的事情。 当一只狒狒表现出这种行为时——当周围没有人对它表示任何尊重,并且它被推到群体最底层时——它看起来非常像一个患有抑郁症的人类。 它低着头,身体下垂;它不想动弹;它失去食欲;它丧失所有精力;当有人靠近它时,它就会后退。
A few years after Robert’s initial breakthrough, it was discovered that depressed humans are flooded with the very same stress hormone that you find in low-ranking male baboons.
在罗伯特取得初步突破几年后,人们发现,抑郁症人类体内充斥着的,正是你在低等级雄性狒狒身上发现的完全相同的压力荷尔蒙。
---------------------------
Watch TV and you’ll be told the only people who count in the world are celebrities and the rich—and you already know your chances of joining either group are vanishingly small. Flick through an Instagram feed or a glossy magazine, and your normal-shaped body will feel disgusting to you. Go to work and you’ll have to obey the whims of a distant boss earning hundreds of times more than you.
看看电视,你会被告知世界上唯一重要的人是名人和富人——而你早就知道加入这两个群体的几率微乎其微。 翻阅一下Instagram的动态或光鲜亮丽的杂志,你会觉得你那普通身材的身体令人作呕。 去上班,你不得不服从一个远在天边、收入是你的数百倍的老板的突发奇想。
---------------------------
Even when we are not being actively humiliated, even more of us feel like our status could be taken away at any moment. Even the middle class—even the rich—are being made to feel pervasively insecure. Robert had discovered that having an insecure status was the one thing even more distressing than having a low status.
即使我们没有受到主动的羞辱,我们中更多的人也会觉得自己的地位可能随时被剥夺。 甚至中产阶级——甚至富人——都在被弄得普遍感到缺乏安全感。 罗伯特发现,拥有一种不安全的地位,是唯一比处于低地位更令人痛苦的事情。
---------------------------
When they looked at Robert’s work, they knew that with baboons, the hierarchies are fairly fixed: they are always going to live that way, with only minor variations. But Kate and Richard knew that for humans, it doesn’t quite work like that. As a species, we have found lots of different ways to live together. Some human cultures (like the United States) have very large gaps between the people at the top and the people at the bottom. But other human cultures (like Norway) are quite different—with highly equal ways of living... The more unequal your society, the more prevalent all forms of mental illness are. Other social scientists then broke this down to look at depression specifically—and found the higher the inequality, the higher the depression. This is true if you compare different countries, and if you compare different states within the United States.
当他们研究罗伯特的工作时,他们知道在狒狒中,等级制度是相当固定的:它们总是会以那种方式生活,只有微小的变化。 但凯特和理查德知道,对人类来说,情况并非完全如此。 作为一个物种,我们发现了许多不同的共同生活的方式。 某些人类文化(如美国)在顶层人和底层人之间有着巨大的鸿沟。 但其他人类文化(如挪威)则截然不同——拥有高度平等的生活方式…… 你的社会越不平等,各种形式的精神疾病就越普遍。 其他社会科学家随后将其细化,专门研究抑郁症——发现不平等程度越高,抑郁症发病率就越高。 无论你比较不同的国家,还是比较美国内部不同的州,这都是成立的。
---------------------------
This doesn’t affect only people at the bottom. In a highly unequal society, everyone has to think about their status a lot. Am I maintaining my position? Who’s threatening me? How far can I fall? Just asking these questions—as you have to when inequality grows—loads more and more stress into our lives.
这不仅仅影响底层人。 在一个高度不平等的社会中,每个人都必须大量思考自己的地位。 我保住我的位置了吗? 谁在威胁我? 我会跌得多惨? 仅仅是问这些问题——当不平等加剧时你不得不问——就会给我们的生活带来一重又一重的压力。
When the status gap is too big, it creates a sense of defeat that you can’t escape from.
当地位差距过大时,它会产生一种你无法逃避的失败感。
Today, we are living with status gaps that are bigger than any in human history. If you work for a company, in living memory it used to be that your boss would likely earn twenty times more than the average employee. It’s now three hundred times more. The six heirs to the Walmart fortune own more than the bottom 100 million Americans. Eight billionaires own more wealth than the bottom half of the human race.
今天,我们生活在人类历史上任何时期都要大的地位鸿沟中。 如果你在一家公司工作,在活人的记忆中,你的老板过去的收入通常是普通员工的20倍。 现在则是300倍。 沃尔玛财富的6个继承人拥有的财富,超过了美国底层1亿人的总和。 8位亿万富翁拥有的财富,超过了人类底层一半人口的总和。
---------------------------
Once you understand all this, Richard explained to me, you can see why the distress so many of us feel isn’t due to some spontaneous misfiring of your brain chemistry. No—it is something, he told me, that you share with so many other people. This is a common human response to the circumstances in which we all live.
理查德向我解释说,一旦你理解了这一切,你就能明白为什么我们这么多人感到的痛苦,并不是由于你大脑化学物质某种自发的失灵造成的。 不——他告诉我,这是你与许多其他人共有的一种状态。 这是对我们所有人共同生活的环境的一种普遍的人类反应。
---------------------------
But humans do have a choice. We can... find practical ways to dismantle hierarchies and create a more equal place, where everybody feels they have a measure of respect and status. Or we can build up hierarchies and ramp up the humiliation—as we are doing today. When we do that, many of us will feel we are being pushed down, almost physically, and many of us will show signs of submission. We’ll lower our heads and our bodies and silently say: Leave me alone. You beat me.
但人类确实有选择的余地。 我们可以……找到切实可行的方法来拆除等级制度,创造一个更平等的地方,在那里每个人都觉得自己获得了应有的尊重和地位。 或者我们可以建立起等级制度,并变本加厉地制造羞辱——就像我们今天正在做的那样。 当我们这样做时,我们中的许多人就会感到自己几乎在物理上被推向了深渊,我们中的许多人就会表现出屈服的迹象。 我们将低垂着头和身体,在心底默默地说:别理我。 你打败我了。
一起想象更有尊严的生活

- 来自作者
- 相关推荐